01 Giugno 2021

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Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome solved with an orthodontic Mandibular Advancement Device: a clinical case

Clinical case

Giovanni Bruno, Alberto De Stefani, Luca Mezzofranco, Giuliano Irlandese, Antonio Gracco

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Introduction  Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syn­drome (OSAS) is a chronic sleep respiratory disturbances (DRS) re­sult from a completed (apnea) or partial (hypopnea) upper airways obstruction, most often at the oro­pharyngeal level, alternating with brief hyperventilation.

Continuous Positive Airway Pres­sure (CPAP) is actually considered the gold standard therapy for OSAS patients to reduces the symptomatology and the ap­nea-hypopnea index (AHI), but it is not well tolerated by many pa­tients for the encumbrance and the noise.

Orthodontic treatment consists in the application of an intraoral Mandibular Advancement Device (MAD) with the aim of advancing jaw and tongue, having as final objective the opening of the pha­ryngeal air space, thus freeing the passage of air.

Materials and methods  A 61-year-old man affected by severe (54.8 AHI, 82% nadir) OSAS came for an orthodontic evaluation after inferior turbinate, pharyngoplasty, uvuloplasty sur­gery and drug induced sleep en­doscopy (DISE) that evaluate a IV degree anterior-posterior collapse in the hypopharynx, II degree cir­cular collapse in oropharynx and IV degree circular collapse in the nasopharynx.

At the anamnesis and objective examination 21 Epworth Sleepi­ness Scale (ESS) score, 43.5 mm neck circumference, 8 mm of maximum protrusion and 6 mm of maximum retrusion (evaluated with George Gauge) and mandib­ular retrusion were evaluated. The airways volume was evaluated with a CBCT 12’ FOV and from the cephalometric analysis was eval­uated a second skeletal class which had confirm the mandibular retro-position.

The initial polysomnography re­vealed a severe OSAS (54.8 AHI) with a positional component (57.1 supine AHI) and snoring index (SI) of 168.3 per hour. Oxygen aver­age saturation was 94%, oxygen desaturation index (ODI) was 50.5 and nadir was 82%.

The principal aim of the treatment was to improve the general health condition of the patient, reduce the AHI and the polysomnography parameters.

Discussion and conclusions  Orthodontic treatment consisted in a Mandibular Advancement Device and vertical elastics (3/16’’ 56,7 g). The latest post-treatment polysomnography revealed a 1.6 AHI, 91% nadir and no episodes of oxygen desat­uration lower than 90%.

Otolaryngology surgery, orthodon­tic evaluation and a corrected management of an OSAS adult patient improve the AHI score and oxygen saturation. It is necessary to select correctly the patient through the DISE evaluation. Or­thodontic and multidisciplinary   approach show a great outcome for a severe OSAS patient with no compliance to CPAP treatment.

Clinical significance  Orthodontic evaluation permit to eval­uate an adequate mandibular protru­sion, absence of temporomandibular disorders, dental or periodontal prob­lems. MAD treatment in a severe OSAS patient confirms, with an ade­quate compliance, satisfactory results a valid alternative to CPAP use.

A motivational interview with the patient shows an essential aspect to maintain the compliance to MAD use throughout life and this is the reason why annual checks are recommended.

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doi: https://doi.org/10.19256/d.cadmos.06.2021.09